The Left Hegelians
“Whoever says and knows no more than that I am an atheist says and knows as good as nothing of men. The question of whether a God does or does not exist belongs to the eighteenth and seventeenth century. I negate God; in my case this means that I negate the negation of man, in place of the illusory, fantastic, heavenly position of man, which in real life necessarily becomes the negation of man, I put the sensory, real and consequently necessarily also political and social position of man. The question of the existence or non-existence of God for me is precisely the question of the existence or non-existence of man.”
Primary Literature
Bauer, Bruno. 1840. Die Evangelische Landeskirche Preussens und die Wissenschaft. Leipzig: Verlag von Otto Wigand.
_______. 1989. [1841]. The Trumpet of the Last Judgement Against Hegel the Atheist and Antichrist: An Ultimatum. Translated by Lawrence Stepelevich. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.
_______. 1843. Die Judenfrage. Braunschweig: Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Otto.
_______. 1843-1845. Geschichte der Politik, Cultur und Aufklärungdes Achtzehnten Jahrhunderts. 3 Vols. Charlottenburg: Verlag von Egbert Bauer.
_______. 1927 [1843]. Das entdeckte Christentum im Vormarz: Bruno Bauers Kampf gegen Religion und Christentum und Erstausgabe seiner Kampfschrift. hrsg v. Ernst Barnikol. Jena: Eugen Diederichs.
_______. 1999. [1877]. Christ & the Caesars: The Origin of Christianity from Romanized Greek Culture. Charleston House Publishing.
Bauer, Edgar. 1842. Bruno Bauer und Seine Gegner. Berlin: JonasVerlagbuchhandlung.
_______. 1844. Der Streit der Kritik mit Kirche und Staat. Bern:Druck und Verlag von Jenne Sohn.
Feuerbach, Ludwig. 1980 [1830]. Thoughts on Death and Immortality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
_______. 1989 [1841]. The Essence of Christianity. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
_______. 1986 [1843]. Principles of the Philosophy of the Future. Translated by Manfred Vogel. Indianpolis: Hackett Publishing Company.
_______. 1848. Pierre Bayle: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Philosophie und Menschheit. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.
_______. 1848. Darstellung, Entwicklung und Kritik der Leibnizischen Philosophie. Leipzig: Otto Wigand.
_______. 1890. The Essence of Religion: God The Image of Man, Man’s Dependence on Nature, The Last and Only Source of Religion. London: Progressive Publishing Company.
Hess, Moses. 1841. Die Europäische Triarchie. Leipzig: Otto Wigand
_______. 2004 [1837]. The Holy History of Mankind and Other Writings. edited by Shlomo Avineri. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______. 1845. “Über das Geldwesen” in Rheinische Jahrbücher zur gesellschaftlichen Reform (ed. H.Puttman), Darmstadt.
_______. 1943 [1862]. Rome and Jerusalem: A Study in Jewish Nationalism. New York.
Stepelevich, Lawrence S. 1983. The Young Hegelians: An Anthology.New Jersey: Humanities Press.Stirner, Max. 1995 [1844]. The Ego and Its Own. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Strauss, David Friedrich. 1835. Das Leben Jesu, Kritisch Bearbeitet.Zweite Band. Tübingen: Verlag C.V. von Osiander.
Secondary Literature
Avineri, Shlomo. 1985. Moses Hess: Prophet of Communism and Zionism. New York and London: New York University Press.
Berlin, Isaiah. 1959. The Life and Opinions of Moses Hess.Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd.
Breckman, Warren. 1999. Marx, the Young Hegelians, and the Origins of Radical Social Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eberlein, Hermann-Peter. 2009. Bruno Bauer: Vom Marx-Freund zum Antisemiten. Berlin: Karl Dietz Verlag.
Koltun-Fromm, Ken. 2001. Moses Hess and Modern Jewish Identity. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Harvey, Van A. 1995. Feuerbach and the Interpretation of Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McLellan, David. 1969. The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx. London: MacMillan.
Moggach, Douglas. 2006. The New Hegelians: Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
_______. 2003. The Philosophy and Politics of Bruno Bauer. Cambridge: Cambridge Universiity Press.
Rosen, Zwi. 1983. Karl Marx und Moses Hess. Ein Beitrag zur Entstehung des Marxismus. Hamburg.
_______. 1977. Bruno Bauer and Karl Marx. The Hage: Martinoff Nijhoff.
Toews, John Edward. 1980. Hegelianism: The Path Ward Dialectical Humanism, 1805-1841. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.